Importance Of Ethical Behavior Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theImportance Of Ethical Behavior. Answer: The significant ideas and focuses shrouded in this week were: Week 5 secured the points about the significance of moral conduct among the pioneers and it likewise the phases of good turn of events. It showed the method of creating moral development and moral culture in the association (Frisch Huppenbauer, 2014). The key territories of learning for me are: The territories of gaining from this week are about the significance of moral conduct and qualities in the association. Manners by which I can act ethically so as to a decent pioneer and create in close to home life also. I will likewise find out about different sorts of initiative and receive the most reasonable one. My considerations on how these ideas and learning focuses can improve a pioneers execution are: Being good and moral is the most ideal way a pioneer can create in the association. This is on the grounds that a pioneer with great morals can without much of a stretch addition the trust of their individual mates and complete the work effectively. My contemplations and sentiments on the administration self-knowledge questions and my score this week are: I feel that the training allowed in this week are significant has helped m get familiar with a ton about administration. I feel that the exercises given are helpful for additional turn of events and initiative characteristics. My imprints this week are acceptable. From this weeks study, I have to catch up on these authority ideas and zones to improve pant of the subject: After this weeks exercise, I believe I have to give a modification on the idea of good improvement of authority as it s minimal confused and the most fundamental part to turn into a moral chief (Kurtines, 2014). My different considerations, sentiments and remarks are: Other than simply turning into a decent pioneer, moral conduct and good improvement will likewise me develop on my own life also. This is on the grounds that profound quality and morals is additionally significant for individual life. I can apply this figuring out how to my turn of events and practice to be a pioneer by: I can utilize morals while settling on some undertaking. I can counsel all the colleagues and follow participative conduct before coming to a choice. This will assist me with picking up the trust of the colleagues and be fruitful in the undertaking. References Frisch, C., Huppenbauer, M. (2014). New bits of knowledge into moral authority: A subjective examination of the encounters of official moral leaders.Journal of Business Ethics,123(1), 23-43. Kurtines, W. M. (2014).Handbook of good conduct and improvement: Volume 1: Theory. Brain research Press.

Doesnt fit her ( wrote it in the other instruction box) Assignment - 1

Doesnt fit her ( composed it in the other guidance box) - Assignment Example Therefore, the congregation can't essentially impact or keep the state from proceeding with its strategies, rules, and laws (Stearns, 2011). In like manner, the secularism idea accurately confirms all religions have the equivalent or equivalent level in the public arena. One strict gathering ought not be above or better than another strict gathering. For instance, the Buddhism religion ought to be better than the Christian religion. In like manner, the Islam religion must not be better than the Christian religion (Stearns, 2011). Further, James Wood legitimately utilizes the Atheist guide to demonstrate Christianity can be accommodated with secularism. The agnostic (mainstream) questions the hypothesis of the big_bang blast idea, making the chance of Christianity’s creation idea inside a common domain. The blast idea repudiates God’s making the universe. By scrutinizing the idea of the Big Bang hypothesis, it resembles a Democrat Party individual addressing whether the person is really a Democrat. In another article, James Wood accurately clarifies the issue of secularism to Gopnik. The conversation concentrated on current day society (The New Yorker, 2014). Gopnik’s growing up years incorporates having a common family. Gopnik experienced childhood in a profoundly strict condition. Wood experienced childhood in a Christian family condition. Both Gopnik and Wood acknowledge the Atheism idea. Secularism denies the nearness of a God who made the universe. Both Wood and Gopnik embrace the unbridled popularity based exercise of various strict convictions and the equivalent beliefs’ related encounters, showing Christianity ideas can flourish well in a mainstream skeptic condition. Moreover, Christianity legitimately directs that strict pioneers can counsel the individuals on acceptable behavior or not follow up on certain policy centered issues. The Christian strict pioneers may lead the individuals to revitalize against the section of specific laws that run against certain strict lessons. Such lessons

The Different Causes of Eating Disorders

The Different Causes of Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Print The Different Causes of Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 17, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on January 17, 2020 Image Source / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Eating Disorder Risk Factors Specific Eating Disorder Risk Factors Genetic Factors Environmental Factors Gene and Environment Interplay Epigenetics View All Back To Top When a person gets sick, its natural to want to understand why. With eating disorders, which are associated with many myths and negative stereotypes, the question of causation can be especially confusing. The culture at large commonly blames eating disorders on oversimplified explanations, such as the media’s promotion of unrealistically slender models or on bad parenting. Even some health professionals buy into these explanations. But research shows that familiesâ€"longtime scapegoatsâ€"do not cause eating disorders, at least not in any simple, straightforward manner. While growing up in a dysfunctional home could increase the risk for a number of psychological problems, including eating disorders, it does not condemn a child to an eating disorder or any other psychological disorder. Scientists can’t say for sure what exactly causes an eating disorder or predict who will develop an eating disorder. In general, most experts agree that eating disorders are complicated illnesses that stem not from a single cause but from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. There are many different pathways to the development of an eating disorder from binge eating disorder to anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa. Risk Factors for Eating Disorders Many factors have been, or are being, studied as possible contributors to the development of eating disorders. Across all types of eating disorders, it is likely that mental health and body image-related factors play a significant role in causing eating disorders. Mental Health Mental health risk factors can include anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and trauma such as childhood sexual abuse. Social stressors, such as peer pressure and bullying, may also be involved. Body Image Risk factors related to eating behaviors and body image may also be tied to the development of eating disorders. These could include weight-related teasing and critical comments about weight; having a fixation with a thin body; early childhood feeding, eating, or gastrointestinal problems; and body dissatisfaction. Risk Factors for Specific Eating Disorders Risk factor research focuses on identifying traits or experiences that precede the development of a specific disorder (not just the overall category of eating disorders). For a risk factor to be shown as a causal factor, the risk factor must be shown to come before the development of the eating disorder. It also must be capable of being manipulated to prevent the occurrence of the disorder. For example, smoking is a causal risk factor for lung cancer; it comes before the development of the disease, and not smoking reduces one’s risk of developing lung cancer. Because eating disorders are relatively rare and diverse disorders, it is difficult and expensive to perform the kinds of large and long-term studies needed to better assess risk factors. To date, there is limited risk factor research that has successfully demonstrated causality, but a 2015 research study found these causal risk factors for eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa People with anorexia nervosa restrict their food intake, have an intense fear of weight gain, and have a distorted perception of their weight and health. Having a low body mass index (BMI)â€"essentially, being underweightâ€"has been identified as a risk factor. However, anorexia nervosa can still happen in people with a BMI in the normal range. Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa, characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating and purging, has several identified risk factors. These include believing that thinness is equivalent to attractiveness (thin-ideal internalization), having a negative body image (body dissatisfaction), perceiving pressure to be thin, and dieting. Binge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder is similar to bulimia nervosa but without the purging aspect. This eating disorder was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013. The 2015 study did not identify any causal risk factors for BED, but a 2017 study suggests that negative urgency (a tendency to act impulsively when distressed) is involved. A study published in 2016 noted that in girls, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in adolescence was associated with binge eating in adulthood. Purging Disorder Purging disorder is also similar to bulimia nervosa, but in this case, the behavior is limited to purging without binge eating. The only causal risk factor identified by the 2015 research is dieting. Other research has suggested that risk factors for purging disorder are similar to those for bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Identifying actual causal factors for a specific eating disorder is complicated. Determining whether these factors are present in an individual can be difficult. Also, the presence of these factors predicts higher risk but does not guarantee the development of an eating disorder. Genetic Factors Coming from a family with a history of eating disorders can increase a persons risk of developing an eating disorder. A portion of this increased risk could be due to the modeling of eating disorder-linked behaviors within a family (e.g., observing a family member dieting). However, twin study research, which can isolate the role of genetics, has confirmed that approximately 40% to 60% of the risk for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder arises from genetic influence. The largest and most rigorous genetic investigation of eating disorders ever conducted, the Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (ANGI), is currently underway in the United States, Sweden, Australia, United Kingdom, and Denmark. This research could provide more information about the genetic profile that contributes to eating disorders. These findings do not imply that there is a single eating disorder gene, or even that genes cause eating disorders. Some individuals may inherit traits such as anxiety, fear, perfectionism, or moodiness that have been associated with the development of an eating disorder. These aspects of temperament have also been linked to a number of other disorders. For some people, variations in several different genes contribute to traits that, in turn, increase or decrease their risk for eating disorders. Prevalence in Families Some people with eating disorders are able to identify several other family members who also had eating disorders. There are certain families in which the risk of eating disorders is much higher than in the general population, but such families are relatively rare. Even a high-risk family history indicating an increased genetic risk does not mean that a person is destined to develop an eating disorder. Conversely, not everyone who has an eating disorder can identify another family member with one. A clear majority of eating disorder cases are sporadic, with no family history. Given the smaller size of today’s families, there is often not enough data to determine whether a specific individual has a genetic tendency. In addition, eating disorders are stigmatized diseases, and family members often do not share their struggles with their disorder. Environmental Factors Much of the earlier research on eating disorders examined environmental risk factors. As a result, they are frequently blamed for causing eating disorders. Environmental factors include events and influences in an individual’s life, such as diet culture, the media, trauma, and weight teasing. Influences such as gender, ethnicity, or certain athletic settings can strengthen or lessen other environmental factors. One model for understanding some of the socio-cultural risk factors for eating disorders is the tripartite model. It proposes that exposure to media, peer, and parental messages all contribute to whether a person idealizes thinness and engages in social comparison. These two factors (idealization and social comparison) may potentially lead to poor body image and various forms of disordered eating. Society and culture do influence eating behavior as well as our concept of ideal body shape. However, such environmental factors cannot fully account for the presence of eating disorders. If they did, 100% of the people exposed to the environmental factor(s) would develop an eating disorder, which we know is not the case. Protective Environmental Factors Some environmental factors could help protect people from developing eating disorders. These could include family meals, eating breakfast, emotional regulation skills, and mindfulness techniques. Techniques that help groups and individuals question and challenge unrealistic ideals of beauty (including the glorification of thinness and the stigmatization of overweight people) are also helpful and protective. Many of these environmental changes, such as improving the status and power of women, reducing the objectification of both men and women, and increasing respect for people of all sizes and shapes, will benefit everyone, not just those at risk for eating disorders. These changes help create kinder and saferâ€"and likely more protectiveâ€"communities. Body Image and Eating Disorders Gene and Environment Interplay Neither genes (nature) nor environment (nurture) cause eating disorders on their own. Eating disorders are likely the result of a complicated interplay of these factors. Even when a precipitating factor (such as a traumatic event) can be identified, there is almost always a combination of other contributing factors. The precipitating factor is most likely the trigger that tripped a cascade of events. Genetic susceptibility may influence their response to certain stressors. For example: A person who is genetically susceptible to an eating disorder may be more sensitive to weight-related teasing and have a heightened reaction to it (for instance, initiating a diet that snowballs into a disorder).A person who is genetically vulnerable may continue dieting much longer than peers who diet and then stop.A person who has the temperament that commonly underlies anorexia nervosa (anxious and perfectionistic) may seek out the types of social environments that contribute to the onset of dieting. Epigenetics The emerging field of epigenetics, the study of whether, how, and when genes are expressed, offers further insight. Epigenetics explains that certain environmental factors determine the expression of genes or even turn certain genes on or off in the next generation. Thus, stress to a parent alters not only their behavior but can actually turn genes on and off in offspring who were not even exposed to that stressor. In terms of eating disorders, there is evidence that the longer a person has anorexia nervosa, the greater the chance they will have alterations in how their genes are expressed. It appears that malnourishment could turn on or off certain genes, which influence the course of the disorder. However, epigenetic studies of eating disorders are in their infancy. A Word From Verywell Just as environmental factors can increase a persons susceptibility to an eating disorder, the converse is also true: Changing the environment can facilitate prevention and recovery. For example, growing up with warm, nurturing parents could mitigate genes that predispose someone to anxiety. However, chance and luck also play a role, and individuals vary in their genetic risk. Even in the face of every preventative measure, some people with extremely high genetic risks may still go on to develop an eating disorder after just one or two triggering events that are outside of their control. Others who have low genetic risk may show resilience to developing an eating disorder even in the face of many potential environmental risk factors. When someone develops an eating disorder, it’s no one’s fault. The cause of eating disorders is too complex to attribute blame to any one person, event, or gene.

The Joy of Learning Essay - 729 Words

The Joy of Learning According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, (to) learn is defined as â€Å"to gain knowledge, understanding or skill by study or exposure.† However, this is just a definition and does not give the true meaning of the word. It can not describe the true joy of finally learning and understanding something that has proven difficult. I believe that feeling can be facilitated with a teacher who understand those emotions. I have known teachers who truly portray their love for the art of teaching through their awareness of those special emotions and by allowing those emotions to work for them. This concept of facilitated learning has been widely discussed in theories. Some of the more popular†¦show more content†¦Students do not merely receive information-they construct knowledge by incorporating new information into existing knowledge. I think the cognitivist that most reflects my philosophy is Jean Piaget. His stages of cognitive development are very interesting. It is motivating for a pre-service teacher like me to be able to identify with these stages. Although I have not yet has field experiences, these cognitive development stages hold true for my own experiences with learning and school. As I hope to teach French or Theatre in either junior high or high school, I can expect for most of my students to be in the formal operational or at least in a transition from the concrete operational to the formal operational. One other of Piaget’s ideas that I think that will be relevant to my teaching is his idea of cooperative learning. This is the one that will be the most prevalent and the most obvious in my teaching style. Although lecture is important and works well for some subjects, I believe this style will work best for the subjects I am teaching. French and theatre seem to be made for this style of teaching. In my own experience, I find I remember things better if I research them myself because I am more intimate with that subject. Having taken both French and Theatre classes, I would definitely have to say that it is moreShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Joy Of Learning986 Words   |  4 Pageslike learning? Nowadays, several people are placing more importance to education, while only a few of them care about how efficient they are learning.Maybe we can experiencing joy in learning to prove the learning efficiency.In my opinion, joy plays a very significant role in learnin g and let us talk about this topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I read the article †joy: A subject schools lack† that is written by Susan Engel. Engel talks about children have their own way to learn because of their huge capacity for joy andRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - Learning from Mother in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club966 Words   |  4 PagesLearning from Mother in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   I have already experienced the worst. After this, there is no worst possible thing (Amy Tan 121). Throughout The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells stories of how mothers use the misfortunes in their lives, to try to teach their daughters about life. Many of the mothers had bad experiences in their pasts and do not want to see their daughters live through the same types of problems. They try to make their daughters lives as easy and problemRead MoreJoy in School Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesArticle 3 â€Å"Joy in School† EDU 211: The Child and His/ Her World Daveen Herley For the past years, teachers all across America have been pressured to teach their students to perform well in test and state exams. With all this pressure put on students and teachers, they have lost the joy in school. In the article, â€Å"Joy in School,† by Steven Wolk, points out how joy has been lost and explains techniques teachers can use to bring it back in school. Within my paper I am going to summarize, pointRead MorePERSONAL ND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Essays1351 Words   |  6 PagesSwot Analysis Week 2 Time: Variable Duration: 5 Hours Lecturers: Module Leader: Joy Meme Venue: Variable No of students: Variable Lesson Objectives: 1.Understanding of the use and concept of a Personal SWOT Analysis 2.Completion of a Personal SWOT Analysis 3.Reading and discussion of the article-â€Å"How to Lead When the Generation Gap Becomes Your Everyday Reality† by Izzy Gesell Learning Outcomes (upon successful completion, students should be able to): Conduct a self-assessmentRead MoreWhat Is Good Learner From The Bad Learner? Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesothers are considered not. When a student takes a relatively long time at learning math concepts they are written off as â€Å"not a math person,† incapable of learning math efficiently. Why is this person struggling to learn this concept when they are able to learn others so easily? 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Kristen Linker, a third year student at Redeemer University College. It begins with balance: trusting God, finding Joy, having harmonious relationships with the people in my life and doing the best I can with what I have at this stage in life. If I would have had to write this paper at the beginning of this semester, I would have had a completely different view on the happy life. However, through this course, I have learned what I think are the most importantRead MoreJoy Luck Club Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, Joy Luck Club, we see Waverly Jong and June Woo’s competitiveness when Waverly becomes a child chess prodigy and June struggles to master the piano. This rivalry reflects how success and worth are depicted in this novel. A mother’s success would be encouraging or coercing their child to master a particular hobby and to improve constantly. A daughter’s worth would be determined by the daughter’s talents, and whether or not the daughter brings a good reputation for the family. We canRead More My Philosophy of Education Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesEducation It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. -Albert Einstein The foundation for my philosophy of teaching is very simple. I believe that if I am bored, the students are bored. I structure my teaching methods and strategies towards grasping not only the interests of my students but of myself as well. This enables my students to take away a positive experience from the learning process. Many times students enter my classroom withRead MoreChristianity And Church History During The 20th Century1063 Words   |  5 Pages It is common and preferable to study history from above—through the lens of the predominant culture or through the actions of a famous figure. Yet, learning history from below allows us to gain insight from the feelings and emotions of those affected, in addition to learning a story or history that is hidden when studied from above. The story is told from the perspective of the common people or individual. In this paper, the history of Christianity will told from below. It will be told from

The Dos and Donts of Virginia Tech Essay Samples

The Do's and Don'ts of Virginia Tech Essay Samples The Fight Against Virginia Tech Essay Samples If you intend to have a test following your deadline, remember to note your test date in the Test part of your application. You just need to have scheduled your test at this date. Consult your parents to spell out the rear row to you. Just take the opportunity to formulate an answer and return and edit it. Choose each scholarship which you're applying for and enter any extra information requested. The sum of the scholarship will be different with the typical range between $1500 and $3000 for an academic calendar year. Together with academic achievement, you should demonstrate a genuine reason behind wanting to attend Virginia Tech. Until the deadline for adding classes, a non-degree student could be made to drop a class if the quantity of degree-seeking students exceeds the quantity of available spaces in a specific class. Include in the essay a concise statement of your objectives, why you chose this particular education abroad program, and a description of how these courses will lead to your general plan of study. Having said that, less than half of all students receive any sort of grant aid, and a few students graduate with a tall loan burden. But additional prep past the official materials is important also. The greater those test scores and grades, the better your odds of admission. Top Virginia Tech Essay Samples Choices Also, they are better equipped. This is where I believe we all must step in. To begin with, think of the prompt. Again, attempt to keep away from the obvious here. The Foolproof Virginia Tech Essay Samples Strategy These are just some of the most notable mass shootings in the us. Together with the positive effects however, there are naturally many negative impacts of the mass shootings in the united states. Most folks think military bases are a few of the safest, most secure, places in the nation. We'll probably never understand the conclusion of mass shootings in the united states. I had such a wonderful time with my new friends from all around the country which I made a decision to go the next calendar year. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. Flash forward a couple of years from then. Getting the Best Virginia Tech Essay Samples No matter your favorite topic, you wish to ensure it is personal and make certain it highlights one of your significant interests. Stay in Compliance For the third question of how you are going to remain in compliance, list three or more concrete products. Let's look at a good example. It's very useful to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. Any insincerity in your application will be quite obvious. You could also be able to get a copy of the job through ProQuest's database of theses and dissertations. Work on the components of your application you may control, polish the application as much as possible, and have compelling explanations for why you would like to attend the school. The Virginia Tech Essay Samples Cover Up Occasionally it's helpful to observe how others were able to get over the difficult first-line hump. On its face, it appears to be asking about you as an individual in addition to your personal targets. Unique things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. We recommend starting this prompt by interviewing a number of the people who are close to you and asking them regarding the basic annoyances and inconveniences of their everyday lives. You just need to pick something which resonates with you. In reality, I'd been born into this kind of situation. Whether this question immediately tickles your fancy and you've got a notion for the word you'd love to highlight, do it! I used to not find the actual reason I was there. The Principles of Virginia Tech Essay Samples You Can Learn From Beginning Immediately This thesis ought to be introduced in the start of the paper and developed throughout the paper one step at a moment. For each prompt, we will break down what the essay is asking and the way you can tailor your response to make certain it's what the admissions committee wishes to hear. Each essay should begin with the name of the scholarship for a title. A great essay becomes specific and shows particular understanding of the school. When you search for answers to this prompt, think of why you would like to study what you wish to study. These brief answer questions are simply thatshort! This multi-part necessary question doesn't pull its punches. For the time being, don't hesitate to ask questions in the comments.

Research Report Example Free Essays

1. 0 Introduction 1. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Report Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background of Research Nowadays, we can consider written form of message is the most effective as written communication will not change and the message to be delivered will always be consistent with no reduction or addition information in the message when compared to the messages conveyed through speech from one person to another. It is no wonder most important data is stored in written form. According to Knowles in the book of Patterns of Spoken English: An Introduction to English Phonetics, written language has the advantage that it is permanent so that it can be studied conveniently and at leisure, but spoken language is more elusive. In other words, written language looks like an imperfect version of spoken language. Since written communication is the most widely used to convey important messages, does the spelling errors in written communication will affect the message to be delivered? Nowadays, brief messages but important are often delivered in written form. For example, if a company wants to introduce their new products to the market, the company would choose to make use of sign board and written communication. The question now, if the sign board has spelling errors, does it have an impact on the message to be delivered and thus affect the sale of their products? There are many factors that cause English spelling errors in the sign boards. One of the factor is the mother tongue. In Malaysia, people come from a various races and ethnicities. Therefore, we are also have different native languages. The Malays with their Malay language, Chinese with their mandarin and many more. Since English is a second or third language in our lives, we often to misspell the word in English. In addition, a person who produces these signs are not concerned about spelling in their advertising. Sometimes the person responsible for making the sign board that using English language also does not have a good command of English. From the problem that we face, how one can prevent this problem? Among the solutions that can be taken is to use software or a spell checker before making billboards that use English. In addition, these signs should be going through the process of inspection or proof read the words. For someone that want to make their own sign board for the purpose of their small business, they can carefully and slowly read their writing out loud. Often your ear will hear what your eye did not see. Read your writing, sentence by sentence, from the last sentence to the first sentence. This technique interrupts the logical flow of the prose and neutralizes any impression of correctness arising from your knowledge of what you meant to say. Also, one can use their dictionary to check any words of which they are unsure, and to check for the spelling. This is a brief overview of the research that we want to conduct. Every point will be discussed further in more details and with an analysis. 1. 2. Statement of Problem The purpose of this research is to study the importance of spelling in advertisement. First of all, why spelling is so important when we want to convey a message in the form of written communication? Spelling is important because it aids in reading. It helps cement the connection that is shared between sounds and letters. Delivering very important information, for example information about the security at construction sites, but there is spelling errors in the signs. That would be a dangerous thing for anyone who cannot receive the message. In addition, if there are spelling errors in signs that seeks to promote a business, it will affect their business. Bad spelling gives others a bad impression about you or about your business. No matter what you say, if the spelling is poor, the reader will notice this before anything else. Punctuation errors often go unnoticed, but everyone notices spelling errors. Then, if the tourist that use English as their mother tongue read the sign board that have a spelling error, it will give a bad impression to our country. Then what will happen if the spelling errors are found in the sign board that is from a prestigious university. For example a parking sign board in a Cambridge University. The sign boards misspell the words ‘college’ to ‘collage’. This is a not a serious spelling errors, but it affect the reputation of the academic institution itself. 1. 3. Objectives of study i. To investigate the factors of spelling errors in advertisement. ii. To discover the impact of spelling errors in advertisement. iii. To find the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. Research Questions i. Do spelling errors in advertisement prevent the message from being conveyed? ii. What are the factors that lead to spelling errors in advertising sign board? ii. What is the impact of spelling errors to the readers? iv. Which sectors are usually having spelling errors in their ad signs? (business or informative) v. Which sectors of the advertising sign board that have spelling errors are most affected? vi. How is the best way to avoid spelling errors in advertising signs? 1. 4 Significance of the study Sometimes, the wrong usage of language will cause different meaning for something. Somehow, nowadays, people are influenced by the foreign language, mother-tongue language, broken language, and other that cause the misuse of advertisement. Advertisements language usage is important because it is going to be a tool to remind or inform the others about certain information. A wrong use of language in advertisement sign board will cause troublesome to the reader or user in terms of understanding. 1. 5 Limitations of study The main scope of the study will be the student of UTHM. We choosing 20 respondents for engineering field and 20 respondents form Non-engineering filed. Initially, we will set the hotspot place like library, food court, bus stop, and etcetera. We are going to use questionnaire to collect data. The main constraint will be how to approach the students for them to spend time answering our questionnaire. Meanwhile, we also face problem of time management for going to the hotspot places in UTHM. Besides that is also having limitation of getting the field of study cause we need find 20 respondents for engineering field and 20 respondents form Non-engineering filed to fulfills the task. 1. 6 Definition of terms The main concept of our research is to identify the suitability of the usage of language in advertisement or sign board. This concept has been proposed due to too many confusing, annoying, and funny word or arrangement in all over the world. Our research has been decided due to the important of the advertisement and sign board. This is because of the wrong use of language to express something will be different for the original meaning and very confusing. In our proposal, we are using some abbreviation. They are as follows: a. UTHM : University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia b. FKEE : The Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering c. FSKTM: Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology d. FPTPK: Faculty of Technology Management and Business 2. 0 Literature Review Spelling skill is a very important tool especially in conjunction with writing. As Croft (1993) states â€Å"the only possible justification for learning to spell is that accurate spelling is necessary for effective writing. † A misspelled word will quickly take the mind of the reader away from the meaning of the message. Spelling is necessary for good communication too. Kyte (2001) explored the causes of common spelling errors. These included carelessness, mispronunciation, phonrtic errors, homonym confusion and handwriting errors. Because of the citizen of our country, there are many dialect. The Pronunciation of a given word may vary widely while the spelling is the same. Mother tongue interference is cause of spelling error. Wilkins observes â€Å"When learning a foreign language an individual already knows his mother tongue, and it is this which he attempts to transfer. The transfer may prove to be justified because the structure of the two languages is similar – in that case we get ‘positive transfer’ or ‘facilitation’ – or it may prove unjustified because the structure of the two languages are different – in that case we get ‘negative transfer’ – or ‘interference’. (Wilkins, 1999) â€Å"English spelling has traditionally been difficult for those who teach it as well as those who must learn it† (Johnston, 2000). Lack of simple one-to-one letter/sound correspondences in words and apparent exceptions to spelling rules con tribute to spelling errors. â€Å"Due to the complexity of the task, it cannot be assumed that students will absorb good spelling practices without explicit instruction† (Gentry, 2001). The spelling of words in the English language is difficult for even the most adept students. In addition, students must be able to see an advantage to learning Standard English in order to develop a desire to spell correctly. â€Å"Though spelling may be difficult, it need not be dull. It is, indeed, by no means the least interesting element in the structure of our rich, living, and complex language† (Vallins as cited in Johnstone, 2001). â€Å"Spelling errors provide a visual representation for students, processing of linguistic information as well as their knowledge of English orthography †. (Henry, 2003) Chiang T. H. (1981) and Chiang P. J. (1993) explore the errors in Chinese college and senior high school student English compositions. They points out three prominent features in the error of vowel substitution: â€Å"first, errors often occurs in non-stressed syllables; second, the substitute letter(s) and the target letter(s) are often pronounced the same or similarly; last, a target letter may be replaced by its phonetic symbol†. They explores the errors through the data from a vocabulary translation test. In this test, students are asked to translate Chinese words into English equivalents. They find five types of spelling errors: (1) substitution (one or more letters are substituted with others, e. g. rabbit/ ribbit, present/prasent), (2) omission (one or more letters are missing from the target words, e. g. bigger/biger, August/Augst), (3) transposition (one or more letters are misplaced, e. g. minute/miunte, first/frist), (4) addition (extra letter is added to the target word, e. g. October/Octorber, pencil/pencial, bench/beanch), and (5) combination of the above. One of the most applicable solution to avoid spelling error in advertisement is proofreading. Proofreading is a highly complex process, it is a process of inspection. It involves more than just reading text. In proofreading, the reader must be trained to look consciously at what he would normally need to ignore–features of the code itself† (Shaughnessy, 2003). Proofreading involves looking closely at orthographic structures in words and using morphological information to check their correct usage. This is a highly developed skill. The purpose of this literature review is to study the causes of spelling errors, not solely at the advertisement area but also spelling errors in writing documents and so forth. Within this review, I argue that spelling is important to the development of written language skills. This has implications for academic performance in curriculum areas that rely on written language for assessment purposes. Students who have poor spelling skills often limit the quantity and quality of their written language in an effort to minimise errors. â€Å"Because of this, they may judge themselves, and be judged by others to be less capable than they really are, in the area of language expression† (Moseley, 1993). 3. 0 Methodology 3. 1 Sample The report is aimed at student of engineering student and non-engineering student (undergraduate) who study in UITHM. We have completed the data collection through questionnaire distributed to UTHM students, mainly divided to two groups. First group is engineering students (FKEE, FKMP, FKAAS) and the other is non engineering students (FTMM, FPTPK, FSSM). We have collected 40 samples of respond from this two groups, each 20 respectively. 3. 2 Data Collection We have gathered the data needed by employing observation. Observation is done to monitor the errors of spelling in advertisement in the closest area. It is also conducted to have wider understanding on â€Å"what’s going on† from taught material point of view. The observation done several times before finally we found an imprecise answer to what we were seeking for. That were the factors and the impact of spelling errors in advertisement. Participant observation is regarded in the best position to collect data about the observable features of the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. The students will be investigated during the gap time between classes. It will be carried on in the hotspot area around UTHM. 3. 3 Data analysis As the result of the observation, the first method, the data would be analyzed by firstly comparing the data collected from each student. It have been done with the focus of evaluation of the material given in its role to evaluate what the effect of spelling error in advertisement . Then it would be classified into several categories which are constructed into more systematic arrangement of each After that, as the result of the each answer calculation, the researcher will transform it to percentage. The data will be shared in the form of tables and graps. 3. 4 Instrument The instruments refer to the method used in testing our hypothesis or answering our researched question. The instrument that we used is a survey in the form of questionnaire. We created the questionnaire based on our statement of problem and hypothesis. Then we gave the questionnaire to the students and ask them to answer. After that, we collected our questionnaire and analyzed our data. From the questionnaire, we had different opinion from respondents. Besides that, we also searched internet to get more information about this task . 3. 5 Research Procedure SELECT THE BEST TOPIC BRAINSTORM FOR TOPIC FORM A GROUP SUBMISSION OF REPORT ANALYZE THE DATA COLLECT THE QUESTIONNAIRE FORM QUESTIONNAIRE RESEARCH DISTRIBUTE THE QUESTIONNAIRE Firstly, we are divided into several groups by our own choice. Secondly, we have conducted the first meeting for brainstorming ideas to find the right topic. Only after several meeting, we found the most suitable topic which is â€Å"Spelling errors in advertisement†. Thirdly, we started the research by finding more information about our topic from the internet. To assist our data findings, we have made some questionnaires that are next distributed to the respective samples. Next, we have collected the data in the questionnaires and divided them into several specialized groups to make it clearer for analysing. 4. 0 Data Analysis The bar graph states the number of respondents answering the questionnaires distributed according to gender and section of study which are non-engineering and engineering students. Among the non-engineering students, the female students are the major respondents and same goes to the engineering students. The bar graph compares the number of respondents who have and have not seen or read billboards or signage with spelling errors on it. It seems that most of the respondents from engineering courses have seen some. While only six respondents from the non-engineering course stated that they have never seen it in live. Factors of spelling errors in advertisement according to the students’ point of view. Factors| Engineering| Non-engineering| Influenced by mother-tongue language. | 10| 10| No careful consideration on advertising messages that they want. | 11| 13| The person making billboards or signage sometimes is not expert in English. | 8| 7| Others| 2| 2| Discussion This statement or question was introduced to collect the point of view of students about the factors of spelling error in advertisement. Our respondent consisted of two groups of students, which is from engineering field and non-engineering field. Respondent can choose one or more factors in the question or choose others if they consider the spelling error of advertisement is caused by other factors. According to the data distribution, the main factor of spelling error in advertisement is caused by no careful consideration on advertising messages that they want. This recorded a highest percentage of 35. 48 in engineering students and 40. 63% in non-engineering students. On the other hand, both 10 votes from two different fields of students that suggested the spelling error in advertisement was influenced by mother tongue language. The data recorded a total of 31 votes from engineering students and 32 votes from non-engineering students respectively. This is an important factor that leads to the spelling error because the respondent is from multi-racial and have their own mother tongue language. Next, the person making billboards or signage sometimes is not expert in English also stands a high percentage. 25. 81% engineering students and 21. 88% non-engineering students support this factor of causing spelling error. Last but not least, both 2 votes from two field of students on others factor that caused this phenomenon to happen. In conclusion, there are many factors that caused this phenomenon to arise and we cannot conclude solely single factor that lead to this problem. The data collected also shown a quite equal percentage from each factor and this has proven the spelling error is caused by several factors. Table 4: Sector of (profitable or non – profitable) that are often has spelling error in their advertisement. Students| Sector of advertisement| | Non – profitable (informative)| Profitable (business)| Engineering| 13| 7| Non – engineering| 16| 4| The bar chart shows the sector of advertisement(profitable or non-profitable) that often has spelling error in their advertisement. 80% of Engineering student show it is from non-profitable sector while 20% show it is from profitable sector. For non-engineering students, 65% show it is from non-profitable sector while 35% show it is from profitable sector. The result from engineering and non-engineering students almost same for question which sector of (profitable or non – profitable) that are often has spelling error in their advertisement. They agreed that profitable sector are often has spelling error in their advertisement. Table 5: Understanding Level of The Students On Advertisement Containing Spelling Errors. Students| Understanding Level of The Students On Advertisement Containing Spelling Errors. | | Yes| No | Engineering| 19| 1| Non – engineering| 15| 5| The bar chart shows the understanding level of the students on advertisement containing spelling errors. 95% of Engineering student stated that they understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error while 5% stated that they do not understand the ads . For non-engineering students, 75% of non-Engineering student stated that they understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error while 25% stated that they do not understand the ads. The result from engineering and non-engineering student almost same for understanding level of the students on advertisement containing spelling errors. They agreed that they still can understand the real message that the ads even if the advertisement has spelling error. Table 6: Sector of advertisement (profitable or non – profitable) that most affected by spelling error in the advertising. 1-no influence 2-partially influence 3-strongly influence) Students| Level of Influence| | Non-profitable (informative) advertisement| Profitable (business) advertisement| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| Engineering| 6| 8| 7| 7| 4| 10| Non – engineering| 4| 1| 9| 9| 5| 12| Discussion From the data, we found that most of our respondent said that profitable (business) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error in their advertising. This represents 62. 37% of our entire respondent vote. From this 62. 37%, 44. 83% are represented by the non- engineering student’s respondent. While the rest are from the engineering student’s respondent. From 62. 37% that said profitable (business) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error, 37. 93% of them put level 3 which level 3 is represent strongly influence. Only 44. 83% of our respondents said that non-profitable (informative) advertisement are most affected by the spelling error. The difference is almost 20%. From the analysis made, we can assume that most respondents said that profitable (business) advertisement are the most affected by spelling errors in their advertising because it involves the profitability of the business. Compares to non-profitable (informative) advertisement, even the message cannot be conveyed successfully it will not cause loss in investment like business. Students’ Opinion About The Effect Of Spelling Error In Advertisement To The Business. As we observe the figure above, we can know the students opinion about the effect of spelling error in advertisement to the business. If we look it more detail and deeply, he percentage of students who agree with the statement above is nearly same which is about 37. 5% -42. 5% which is from the engineering and non-engineering students. Other than that, the number of students who are not agree with the statement is a small amount only which is only 20% which is from the engineering and non-engineering students. Besides that, the students who agree with the statement by saying yes for the respective question is actually they might do not understand the message or not confident with the advertisement where it happens in the daily life in the aspect of business world whereas, the number the students who aren’t agree with the statement by saying no is trying to mean that the advertisement is not affected, they still can understand the message. Besides, they are trying to mean that the spelling error is easy to fixed and recognize and lastly they can be presented as a creative thinker. What do you think is the most suitable applicable solution to avoid spelling error in advertisement? * Use software, spell checker to check your word * Proof read before advertise (go through possess of inspection) * Native speaker (fluent in English) who guides to prevent bad translation Figure 8 Table 8 Students| Software checking| Undergo process of inspection| Native speaker| Other| Engineering Students| | 8| 12| 0| 0| Non-Engineering Students| 9| 7| 3| 1| Total| 17| 19| 3| 1| Discussion: The data obtain by questionnaire method. 20 respondents for engineering student and 20 respondents for Non-engineering student. From the table, we can see clearly that the â€Å"proof read before advertise â€Å"having the highest rate of choice that is 19 out of 40 respondents. After that follows by â€Å"use software, spell checker to check your word† with 17 respondents choice. Then is the native speaker with only 3 respondent’s choice. They a respondent give respond other which state that â€Å"check carefully first†. According to the analysis, we can make hypothesis that engineering student do not face problem of native speaker. Besides that, we also can predict that undergo process of inspection is more effective way to solve the problem. 5. 0 Conclusion In a nutshell, the research of this project had been done perfectly and we able to achieve all the objectives of the study. First of all, we would like to explain the main objective of the study which is to investigate the factors of spelling errors in advertisement. In this view of opinion, we can observe the research from the questionnaires which given to the engineering and non-engineering students for the purpose of this study which is the factors of spelling error in an advertisement wise. Secondly, we move to the next step of this study which is to discover the impact of spelling errors in an advertisement. By referring to this statement, we can say that the impacts are wrong information will be delivers to the readers and could create some confusion among the messages and fail to attract attention from the readers. Thirdly, adding with the next objective of this study which is to find the most effective solution to avoid spelling errors. If we look deeply and open our eyes and mind frankly, we can get to the meaning of tis statement which can be said this is another alternative method to deliver certain message to the readers correctly and accordingly, besides that can be said that by doing or creating some effective method to avoid such mistakes is to reduce the popularity of people getting confuse of some advertisement. Finally, I would like to combine this and try to compare in our daily life things, there are advantages and disadvantages whenever and whatever we do in our life time journey. Thus, what I’m is trying to is we as a educated community should concern and aware about this problem and prevent this thing to stay on and destroy our future generation’s language and their capability in the reading and grammar usage wise . We should do and react towards this problem in a big group and not depending someone ,its like we are saving and do not want the proper grammar usage to be extinct fully. Suggestion There are many ways to overcome or prevent this type of problem to be continued or occurred in the publics or medias. One of the way is by checking the advertisement before it shows to the public and there should be an checking errors team such as Quality Control(QC) team in any company projects work, such as the flow of the pattern and stages of grammar checking. Besides that, if let say there is an error in the advertisement which already showed or advertise, immediately change it through in another alternative way which we can say as a back up way to overcome such problem. Lastly, we as a creative thinking person should able to understand the purpose of an advertisement and try ourselves to correct it if there is any error in an advertisement such as erased such error occurred advertisement and change it to the proper sentence. 6. 0 Reference Chapter 2. 0 UW-Madison Writing Centre. (2009) Writer’s Handbook http://writing. wisc. edu/Handbook/index. html. The University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 11 Dec, 2011 Seymour, P. (1997). Foundations of orthographic development. In C. A. Perfetti, L. Rieben, M. Fayol (Eds. ), Learning to Spell. Research, theory and practice across languages (pp. 319-338). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Asociates. Sloboda, J. A. (1980). Visual imagery and individual differences in spelling. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 231-250). London: Academic Press Inc. Ltd. Beck, I. L. (2006). Making sense of phonics: The hows and whys. New York: The Guilford Press. Bertucci, C. , Hook, P. , Macaruso, P. , Bickley, C. (2003). Vowel perception and production in adolescents with reading disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 53, 174-197. Birsh, J. R. (Ed. ). (1999). Multisensory teaching of basic language skills. New York: Paul H. Brookes. Chapter 3. 0 McNeil, P. Chapman, S. (2005) Research Methods. 3rd Ed. Routledge: Oxon Chapter 4. 0 Gillhooly, V. (2008) Business English-Charts, Graphs Diagrams. Learnwell Oy Website: www. thelanguage. com. Retrieved 12 Dec, 2011 Caprette, D. (Aug 2007) Writing about Graphs. Rice University. Website: http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform. html. Retrieved 16 Dec,2011 How to cite Research Report Example, Essays

The Secret Of The Medicine Men Essay Example For Students

The Secret Of The Medicine Men Essay Secrets of the Medicine Man: Why they’re better then ours. Thousand of years ago Man, and Beast lived in peace. Then Man grew hungry and decided to hunt beast. Beast grew angry and decided to send disease to man. Man grew weak and sick, and was close to death. Plant took pity upon Man and said, â€Å"Do not fear, for death will not visit you. For every disease that Beast sends you, you will find the cure in us.† (Iroquois 34) This Iroquois folk-tale was used to explain the healing properties of plants. Plants have been used to cure all the aches and pains that have plagued mankind. We will write a custom essay on The Secret Of The Medicine Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is a large body of research into herbal medicines. Great progress has been made in the isolation and identification of the constituents of medicinal plants using high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Research to identify the main active components is carried out either in a search for new drugs or to enable claims to be made for proprietary herbal preparations. Medicinal plants have been generally shown to have not one but a combination of active principles. Once these principles are found, the next step is learning how to synthesize itThe medical industry has been synthesizing medicine for years now. We have become so reliant on the industry, that the very notion of ingesting the plant matter has become sickening. People have even stopped eating balanced meals, in favor of neat multi-vitamins. Most of which have vitamins that cancel each other out. The problems with synthesizing medicine, out weighs the benefits. We should not continue to synthesize our m edication. The first factor that one should consider is the cost of buying synthesizing medication versus taking the natural approach. According to Forbes Magazine consumers spent an estimated $3.5 billion on herbal supplements, almost twice the amount as in 1994. (Forbes 28) However Goldenseal now costs $100 a pound, up from $15 a pound a decade ago. When one considers the fact that it costs $1 billion, and requires 10 to 15 years of RD to bring out a synthetic drug, one has to wonder why put up with it. The Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI), a small, non-profit organization, estimates that medicinal plants and microscopic organisms from the Third World contribute between US $30-60 billion a year to the US pharmaceutical industry alone.(Brace 14). On the other side of this discussion there are the United Plant Savers. They are a non-profit organization that is dedicated to saving medical plants. They believe herbs will soon be on the endangered species list. Representatives fro m the organization say, â€Å"Theres one sure way to halt the carnage, however. Just go back to using synthetic medicines made from good old chemicals in good old laboratories. Pop a pill, save a plant!† (Pappas 47) Sharply increasing demand, combined with diminishing habitat and a lack of domestic cultivation, putstremendous pressure on wild medicinal herb populations. The National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs uses the term critical to cultivate to describe medicinal herbs that have been overharvested in the wild to the point that their existence is threatened. They are critical to cultivate because the only way to ensure their future is to grow them, rather than continue to wildcraft them. Herbs valued for their roots—where the entire plant is harvested—are especially vulnerable and are a priority at the Center. Research is being conducted on organic propagation of plants, while wild populations are being protected and nurtured. There are typ es of compounds that are, â€Å"Mother Natures kitchen, end of story.† (Medicine) These compounds are ones that can not be duplicated with chemicals, and can not be synthesized. These plants must be grown in pseudo-natural environments. However when it comes to rain forest plants, it is a different story. Man cannot conceive of all the molecules that Mother Nature has developed, said symposium moderator John H. Cardellina II, of the Council for Responsible Nutrition. (Forbes 28). There are more factors in the rainforest canopy then we can ever measure. Thus the plant must be harvested from nature. .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .postImageUrl , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:hover , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:visited , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:active { border:0!important; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:active , .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69 .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95fba9cdd858e47ce8496086a8451d69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Customer Service EssayDamage to the environment is another factor in this problem. First off every medical company sends out hordes of ‘biological pirates’. They are untrained hunters who locate medical plants, steal the plant, and return them to the company. The tribes that they were taken from receive no credit, and then are moved off to relocation camps. The problem is even worse is when a large supply is found growing. In an effort to create a monopoly on the product, the company will tear a road right up to the supply. The road will kill thousands of species, and perhaps even kill off organisms vital to the plant’s growth and development. Finally t here is the damage to the native population. â€Å" There were nine million natives in the rainforest. Than white man brings flu, small pox, and mescals. Now there are twenty thousand natives. Without counting on your fingers, how many did we shove in the hole!?† (Medicine) The sad truth is that researchers are not as careful as they could be when it comes to preventing contamination. When one weighs the differences of natural versus chemical, one can see that natural has all the points. None of the compounds will cancel each other out. It is cheaper and funnier to buy the plants, rather then the pills. However when it comes to not damaging the environment, neither side can take the bow. We have caused Plant much harm, yet he still gives us the cures. God knows what will happen when he stops. Works CitedBen-Ari, Elia T. The Future of Bioprospecting. BioScence, May 2000 v50 i5 p472In text citation: Ben-Ari 472Brace, Matthew â€Å"Power Plants (Pharmaceutical industry’s research in medical plants.)† Geographical, March 2001 v73 i3 p14In Text citation: (Brace 14)Forbes â€Å"Food Technology† Forbes Jan 11 2000 v54 i9 p 28In-Text Citation: (Forbes 28)Gunter, Bert and Dan Holder. â€Å"Statistics in Preclinical Research and Development.† Journal of the American Statistical Association. Sept 2000 v95 i451 p998In Text citation: (Cole 998)Iroquois folk-tale. â€Å"Creation of Medicine† American Indian Folk-tales New York: Penguin Group, 1988. P34In Text Citation: (Iroquois 34)Medicine Man. Videocassette. Dir Hollywood Pictures. Sean Connery and Loraine Baracco, 1989In Text citation: (Medicine)Pappas, Ben. â€Å"Transparent Eyeball: Save the herbs. (Medical plants harvested too mush.)† Forbes, Jan 11 1999 p47In Text citation: (Pappas 47)S mith, Anthony Explorers of the Amazon New York: Penguin group, 1990BibliographyWorks CitedBen-Ari, Elia T. The Future of Bioprospecting. BioScence, May 2000 v50 i5 p472In text citation: Ben-Ari 472Brace, Matthew â€Å"Power Plants (Pharmaceutical industry’s research in medical plants.)† Geographical, March 2001 v73 i3 p14In Text citation: (Brace 14)Forbes â€Å"Food Technology† Forbes Jan 11 2000 v54 i9 p 28In-Text Citation: (Forbes 28)Gunter, Bert and Dan Holder. â€Å"Statistics in Preclinical Research and Development.† Journal of the American Statistical Association. Sept 2000 v95 i451 p998In Text citation: (Cole 998)Iroquois folk-tale. â€Å"Creation of Medicine† American Indian Folk-tales New York: Penguin Group, 1988. P34In Text Citation: (Iroquois 34)Medicine Man. Videocassette. Dir Hollywood Pictures. Sean Connery and Loraine Baracco, 1989In Text citation: (Medicine)Pappas, Ben. â€Å"Transparent Eyeball: Save the herbs. (Medical plants h arvested too mush.)† Forbes, Jan 11 1999 p47In Text citation: (Pappas 47)Smith, Anthony Explorers of the Amazon New York: Penguin group, 1990Medicine Essays

Environmental Problematic in essays

Environmental Problematic in essays Environmental Problematic vs. Industrial revolution The common Japanese expression, mizu ni nagasuliterally, "let it be washed away," or to settle a dispute by letting bygones be bygonesoriginated in the belief that any and all troubles can be purified by nature. (nira.go.jp/publ/review/99summer/mori.html) Because Japan has always had a thriving and rich natural environment, Japanese people have for a long time taken this natural bounty for granted. In the late 1960s, however, environmental mayhem resulting from industrial pollution caused alarming damage to the people of Japan. For the first time, policy-makers and ordinary people alike began to recognize "the environment" as a problem... otherwise known as the environmental problematic. During the last thirty two years after the establishment of the Environment Agency in 1971, the environmental situation at the national and global levels has undergone substantial changes in Japan. At the national level, notable achievements have been made in combating severe pollution during the period of high economic growth. However, air pollution in major urban areas and water pollution caused by industrial expansion are some of the dynamics that continue to impose themselves as heavy factors in the environmental problematic. Increased severity of global issues such as depletion of the ozone layer and global warming are playing a national and political roll in defining state policy within Japan. This paper will describe some major environmental problems in Japan, several Japanese environmental policies, the process of implementing these policies, and how they are maintained through the Japanese political system. After the Second World War, Japan emerged as one of the three dominant players influencing the global environment and the direction of international environment protection. The structure of Japans industry has drastically changed over the last few decades w...

A Smorgasbord of Food Terms Meaning Mixture

A Smorgasbord of Food Terms Meaning Mixture A Smorgasbord of Food Terms Meaning Mixture A Smorgasbord of Food Terms Meaning Mixture By Mark Nichol A number of words referring to an assortment of food in one dish or display of dishes also allude to a mixture (often a confused one); here are those terms and their meanings and origins. A figurative alphabet soup, by analogy to the soup featuring pieces of pasta shaped like letters of the alphabet, is a series of initials, often appearing as a string of groups of letters after a person’s name indicating degrees or honors or as a list of acronyms and initialisms that refer to agencies or organizations. Speaking of pasta, several hundred years ago, pasticcio (from the Italian word pasta, meaning â€Å"paste†), an Italian term for a macaroni dish, was adopted into English to refer to a mixture (it was never used in the food sense), but it was later supplanted by the French translation pastiche. Meanwhile, far, the Latin word for the grain we call spelt (and the root of farina, the term for a meal used to make hot cereal) is the origin of the Latin term farrago, meaning â€Å"cattle feed† but also acquired by English only in the extended sense of â€Å"a mixture.† Gumbo, probably ultimately derived from a word in an African language for â€Å"runaway slave,† refers to a type of soup or dish made of multiple ingredients, often thickened with or including okra. (The term also refers to a type of silty soil or mud, or to a mixture in general.) Jambalaya, by contrast, is a spicy rice dish with one or more types of meats and vegetables; the French Provenà §al dialect term jambalaia, from which it is derived, means â€Å"mix-up.† In its original sense in Swedish, smorgasbord literally means â€Å"open-sandwich table,† but in English it refers broadly to a self-service buffet spread. Macà ©doine (from the French word for the culturally diverse southern European region of Macedonia) is a mixture of fruits or vegetables served in a variety of ways, including a salad. Salmagundi, an alteration of the French word salmigondis, meaning â€Å"hodgepodge,† is a salad plate of arranged vegetables as well as meat, fish, and eggs. Salad (the word is ultimately derived from the Latin term sal, meaning â€Å"salt†) can itself refer to a mixture of disparate elements. Hash, stemming from the French verb hacher, meaning â€Å"chop,† is a dish made of chopped meat and potatoes often served as leftovers, hence the additional sense of â€Å"a restatement of something already known.† (The word also appears in â€Å"hash brown potatoes†- alternatively called â€Å"hash browns†- a description alluding to the chopped-up form of the potatoes.) In addition, hash refers in general to a figurative or literal mess, and as a verb it means â€Å"chop,† â€Å"confuse,† or â€Å"review† or â€Å"talk about.† The expressions â€Å"hash (it) out† and â€Å"hash (it) over† refer to discussing something or solving a problem, and to make a hash of something is to ruin it or do a poor job. Hash is also an alternative term for the pound sign, also called the number symbol; the word refers to the lines in the symbol, which resemble chopping marks. The term has become popular thanks to its widespread use in tweets, or messages sent using the social-networking service Twitter; the symbol, due to its use as a marker in tweets, is also called a hashtag. (Hash as a short form of hashish is unrelated; the latter is an Arabic term referring to resin collected from hemp for use as a drug.) â€Å"Olla podrida† and potpourri, from Spanish and French respectively, both literally mean â€Å"rotten pot,† though they consist of savory ingredients; the former is the name of a Spanish or Latin American stew usually featuring sausage and chickpeas, and the latter refers to a mixture of flowers, herbs, and spices collected to provide a pleasant scent. Stew itself refers to an assortment of chunks of food cooked in a hot liquid, though it can also mean â€Å"a hot bath† (the Middle English term stewe means â€Å"a heated room for a steam bath†) as well as â€Å"a state of congestion or heat or of confusion, excitement, or worry.† (It is also outdated slang for brothel or, in plural form, an obsolete reference to a red-light district.) Three other words for stew derive from forms of French: hotchpotch (from the Anglo-French term meaning â€Å"to shake† combined with pot), which was altered to hodgepodge; ragout, which comes from the French verb ragoà »ter, meaning â€Å"to revive the taste† (the second syllable is related to gusto, meaning â€Å"taste† or â€Å"enthusiasm,† and gustatory, meaning â€Å"relating to taste or tasting†); and gallimaufry, from galimafree, a Middle French term for stew. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?How to spell "in lieu of"5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Strategies for increasing Customer Loyalty Essay

Strategies for increasing Customer Loyalty - Essay Example The airline industry is a case-in-point. Customer loyalty programs, while different in their form and detail, often have the same basic features. As Brook Consulting (2006) puts it, "many companies focus on rewarding customers who have repeat purchases . . . such reward programs have their place in assuring customer loyalty . . . however, if the product or service doesn't meet customer needs, no reward program will keep them returning." (my emphasis). The basic fact is that if a company offers a product or service that consumers desire then no customer loyalty program is really needed as the customers will return to give repeat business. This paper will analyze a number of different types of customer loyalty programs, from those that succeed to those of uncertain success to those that have not worked. There is a great variety of reward and loyalty programs currently in place. As Kim (2001) puts it, "in the marketplace we observe a diverse set of offerings, ranging from cash rewards, firm's free products or service, or free products or service of another firm in a different category". Thus, The question arises as to whether there is any method to the apparent madness of these customer loyalty programs. ... Wal-Mart is the largest retail company in the world. It provides a whole range of consumer goods from clothes to sports-ware to household items to food and automotive services. It sells virtually any consumer product that a customer could want, becoming almost ubiquitous in recent years. Recently it has also expanded its offerings to include on-site banking, hairdressing, tax advice and numerous other activities that it normally offers through outsourcing. Wal-Mart has no customer loyalty program because it does not need one. By the end of 2003, more than 100,000,000 /week visited Wal-Mart stores worldwide, and it had $256 billion in sales (Economist 2004). The very appearance of a Wal-Mart in an area seems to create its own self-contained customer loyalty program. None that is centrally organized is needed. Wal-Mart's customer loyalty is gained by offering the best prices on a whole range of products, together with a remarkably liberal return policy that allows a no-questions asked return on most goods up to three months after purchase. Wal-Mart currently employs more than 1.7 million people worldwide, with 1.3 million of them in America alone. This makes it the largest private employer in America, and probably the largest company that the world has ever known. Such massive size brings the obvious advantages of economies of scale. Thus Wal-Mart can offer the lowest possible prices on its products through its massive buying leverage with its suppliers. It can pick and choose its suppliers, and there is great competition to become a leader supplier to Wal-Mart. For about half of companies customer loyalty programs take on a more concrete, and risky dynamic, as they offer to

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 22

Assignment Example Between early1900s and 1960s was characterized with core improvement in relation to domestic violence against women in the societies of the US. Major rights were awarded to women across the different states of the US. Feminist movements were formed to fight for gender equality and acts of male chauvinism. Women could charge their husbands for assault in a court of law. Domestic violence cases are commonly presented in courts across the country. It is also during this period that cases that regarded to domestic violence were transferred from the criminal court to civil court. In the civil courts, only the civil procedures could apply. This meant that men who assaulted their wives or girlfriend was not considered as criminal In the 1800s, most states in the United States had laws that somewhat favored domestic violence against the women. Although most of federal laws in different states in the US stated to have had protected the women in the society against domestic violence, most of these laws tolerated men who beat their wife as they would be charged for such act. It was not considered a major offense for the men in the societies of the 1800s in the US, since women were generally considered inferior. Between 1900s and 1960s was characterized with major improvement in relation to domestic violence against women in the societies of the US. More rights were awarded to women across the different states of the US. Feminist movements were formed to fight for gender equality and acts of male chauvinism. Women could charge their husbands for assault in a court of law. Domestic violence cases are commonly presented in courts across the country. It is also during this period that cases that regarded to domestic violence were transferred from the criminal court to civil court. In the civil courts, only the civil procedures could apply. This meant that husbands or men who assaulted their wives or girlfriend was

The Case of Chilli Pepper Value Chain

The Case of Chilli Pepper Value Chain With the emergence of globalization and internationalization of trade, development agencies in development cooperation increasingly aim at a sustainable, growth-oriented integration of developing countries into the world economy. Value chain development has received more emphasis especially in development projects and programmes. Improvements in the productivity of subsistent farmers are pre-requisites to the achievement of full contributions of agriculture to overall growth and development. Recent global policies propose that farmers can get out of poverty by being better linked to markets. Markets in recent times are changing fast and competition is becoming increasingly fierce. If businesses aspire to stay in the market, they need to make sure that their products and services meet continuously changing market requirements and demand conditions (Matthias et al. 2009). millions of subsistent farmers and rural communities especially in Africa are working to improve their livelihoods in an environment with low or little government support for producers, processing companies and supermarkets within agricultural markets (Renà ©, 2006; Martin, 2006). While access to markets remains an important medium for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), there remain low levels of investment in agriculture, poor infrastructure, as well as limited access to technological innovation, Business Development Services (BDS), and market information and weak commodity value chains still inhibit smallholder farmers full access to markets (Aldonas, 2009). Ghana is currently running an agrarian economy and agriculture by no doubt the largest sector. The rate of the countrys economic growth seems to fall on the performance of the agricultural sector. The agriculture sector employs at least 50.6 percent of the working population, and most of them are small-scale farmers in developing countries. This rises to above 75 percent in the rural areas (Brempong 2003). More than 35 percent of Ghanas Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from agriculture (FASDEP 11, 2007). Market orientation among producers and processors still remains a stumbling block. For value chains and marketing systems in agriculture, there exist mutual benefits where farmers are hooked-up to the needs of consumers, working closely with suppliers and processors to produce the specific goods consumers demand (Roduner, 2007). Similarly, consumers are link-up to the needs of farmers via information flows. Development and promotion of value chains in agriculture is often about improving access to markets and ensuring a more efficient flow of products with the assurance that all actors in the chain benefit. Government and Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) promoting value chain development have made it a core responsibility to supporting farmers to sell their products via value chains. But the question which needs deeper investigation is: do emphases on value chain development bring about an improvement in market access and income to farmers? The development of the value chain concept does not automatically result in benefits for smallholder farmers. The value chain concept is yet to assume its full potential in its intervention strategy among the chilli pepper farmers in the Tolon Kumbungu District. Value chains development can only overcome the cycle of poverty if they are deliberately designed to improve farmer livelihoods, so they need to be pro-poor (Gertan, 2009: p 2). As a new concept among development practioners, there is the tendency of selection of inappropriate value chain instruments that is not responsive to the needs of the smallholder farmers. Market in this context refers to the total supply and demand for a particular product farm products in both locally and internationally markets. The process of marketing must be customer oriented and provide profit for farmers, transporters, traders and processors otherwise they will not be able to stay in business. Value chains in this context refer to all the steps that a product takes, from its point of origin farm to the consumer. A value chain represents a specific type of supply chain where the chain actors actively seek to support each other so they can increase their efficiency and competitiveness. The actors invest in money, effort and time and build relationships with one another to reach a common goal of meeting and satisfying the needs of consumers hence, they can maximize their profits. Value chain development in agribusiness treats production as a chain of activities, each of which adds value and cost to the final product. As the product makes it way via the value chains, the value of the product increases. Actors are the specific players involved in producing, processing, trading or consuming a particular agricultural product. They include direct actors producers, traders, retailers and consumers which are commercially involved in the chain and indirect actors which provide financial or non-financial support services, such as; business service providers; bankers, credit agencies, researchers and government. The German Technical Cooperation of the Market Oriented Agriculture Programme (GTZ/MOAP), International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) and Savanna Agriculture Research Institute (SARI) are currently focusing on employment-oriented private sector development and agriculture. The value chain development concept has been adopted by these organizations as part of their core development strategies especially in the chilli pepper industry in the Tolon-Kumbungu District of the Northern region of Ghana since the year 2005. Their main aim of the intervention in the chilli pepper business is to reduce poverty and to stimulate the growth of the local economy by fostering sustainable relationships among actors, thereby bringing about their competitiveness in domestic, regional and export markets (MOAP, 2005). While these seem laudable, the problem of market access still exists. As a tropical crop, chilli pepper can survived in both tropical and temperate climates. In 2005 the global production amounted to 27.5 million tons (AVRDC, 2005). Considering developing countries in particular, chilli pepper is considered the most popular vegetable crop, being grown on an area of 0.73 million hectares in sub-Saharan Africa in 2005 (AVRDC, 2005). Chilli pepper is a common agricultural product produced and consumed in Ghana. The crop is used in nearly all Ghanaian dishes. The annual demand for chilli pepper is estimated at Ghc 27,000 and accounts for about 9.6% of total food expenditure in Ghana (GLSS IV, 2000), while consumption is expected to rise with increasing population. The crop is ranked the fifth most important crop in the Northern Region of Ghana. Quite a number of households and individuals are involved in its production in the region. It is estimated that about 41.3% of households in the Northern region engaged in chilli pepper production, making the region second only to the Brong-Ahafo as the region producing significant quantities of chilli pepper in the Northern sector of the country (Nsiah-Gyabaah, K. 2002). Therefore, any poverty alleviation program that includes the promotion of the crop as part of its strategies could have high potential for achieving greater impact, as chilli pepper has become an important cash crop for the majority of the people cultivating and trading in it. However, due to the effects of globalization, liberalization and increasing competition in agriculture markets, it is apparent that strategies aiming at reducing rural poverty need to move beyond a focus on increasing productivity. 1.1 Problem Statement Millions of subsistent farmers in developing countries and for that matter Ghana are working to improve their livelihoods with limited government support for producers, processing companies and supermarkets within agricultural markets (Renà ©, 2006; Martin, 2006). While access to markets remains an important medium for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), there remain several factors including weak commodity value chains still hinders smallholder farmers to access markets (Aldonas, 2009). The main concern in development cooperation is how to reduce poverty. Many development organizations believe that agriculture value chain development is a strategic means of bringing about market access and income to farmers. Vibrant value chains are said to be more efficient in bringing products to all actors including small-scale producers and poor consumers should at least benefit from value chain development. Competitiveness in agribusiness in both local and international markets is noted to be one of the most commonly quoted objectives of value chain development. But this seems not to hit its full potential with the chilli pepper value chain in the Tolon-Kumbungu District. Chilli pepper farmers are still faced with an enormous marketing constraint of having to find credible buyers after harvest. They remain price takers and face the risk and uncertainties of fluctuating markets. The farmers feel highly vulnerable and unable to withstand the risks and achieve sufficient production to participate in value chain (Mitchell et al. 2009). Against this background, chilli pepper farmers in the study area still grapple with unassured markets for their raw materials and see themselves as price takers thinking that they have no control over prices and have to accept whatever is offered. Lack of economic equity among actors endangers the chilli pepper value chain intervention in the study district. Value chain development needs to priorities the constraints described above if they are to work for poorer farmers. As a contribution to understanding and solving these problems, an empirical research is needed to investigate into why chilli pepper farmers in the Tolon-Kumbungu district are not being paid sufficiently for their produce. 1.2 Research Questions 1.2.1 Main research question: What are the prospects and challenges of chilli pepper value chain development in the Tolon-Kumbungu District? . 1.2.2 Sub Questions 1. Does value chain development bring about an improvement in market access and income to farmers? 2 What are the entry barriers faced by farmers in the value chain marketing system? 3. What support do farmers need to function as active players of the value chain? 4. What strategies can be adopted to upgrade value chains in terms of product, process, and functions? 1.3 Research Objectives 1.3.1 Main Objective The general objective is to assess the prospects and challenges of the chilli pepper value chain development in the Tolon-Kumbungu District. 1.3.2 Sub Objectives 1. To find-out ways by which value chain development can lead to market access and income 2. To identify the entry barriers faced by farmers in the value chain marketing system. 3. To identify the requisite support required by farmers to function as active players of the value chain. 4. To identify strategies for upgrading of value chains in terms of product, process and functions. 1.4 Significance of the Study Pro-poor growth approach in recent times has become one of the key concerns of development organizations especially in developing countries. The matter with this approach lies in the promotion of economic potentials of the smallholder farmer and the disadvantaged (Altenburg, 2007). Nearly 35% of Ghanaians fall below the poverty line and a majority of these people reside in deprive communities where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The introduction of the value chain as a development intervention tool is not only timely, but it is also appropriate. The value chain concept has gained more and more recognition in development projects and programmes with the primary aim of reduction in economic inequality by improvement in market access and income of all actors along the chain. Well functioning value chains should create a platform for efficient and mutual benefits of all actors including small scale producers and poor consumers, should benefit from value chain development. However, as a new concept among development practioners, it is likely to be engulfed with many critical operationalization problems. Hence, efforts should be stemmed up to facilitate the efficiency of the value chain development concept to aid in the attainment of the UN number one Millennium Development Goal eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. One surest way of doing this is to unearth the challenges and prospects of the value chain development concept as an intervention tool in agribusiness development among smallholder farmers, hence the study. The study is also expected to bring to bear the challenges and prospects of the chilli pepper value chain and how it can be improved to make it more pro-poor. The findings will also be useful to value chain practioners. Last but not the least, the result of the research could also serve as a basis for further research on the chilli pepper industry in the Northern Region of Ghana. 1.5 Scope of the Study The study will be organized into five chapters. Chapter one will cover the background of the study, problem statement, the research questions, the objectives of carrying out the study and significance of the study. Chapter two will explore the pertinent conceptual and empirical literature on the topic under consideration. Also, chapter three will consider the research methodology with regard to the study design, sampling method, data sources, study instruments and analytical tools and techniques. Chapter five will present the study results. Chapter five will present the discussions of the research findings while chapter six will offer the summary, the conclusion and recommendation thereof. Figure 1.1 Conceptual Frame Work Tolon-Kumbungu Chilli Pepper Value Chain Analysis 1. PRODUCERS Grow Harvest Dry 3. WHOLESALERS Fresh chilli pepper Dried chilli pepper Powdered Chilli pepper 4. TRADERS Fresh chilli pepper Dried chilli pepper Powder chilli pepper CHALLENGES PROSPECTS OF CHILLI PEPPER VALUE CHAIN IN THE TOLON-KUMBUNGU DISTRICT 2. INPUT PROVIDERS Availability of Equipment Seed Fertilizers Value chain Supporters: research extension, financial service providers, government, regulatory bodies, trust and power relations etc 6. CONSUMERS Fresh chilli pepper Dried chilli pepper Powdered pepper 5. PROCESSORS Fresh chilli pepper Dried chilli pepper 1.4.1 Conceptual Frame Work The conceptual framework portrays linkages of the main actors of the chilli pepper value chain in the Tolon-Kumbungu District that may influence the efficiency of the chain. The framework demonstrates that for chilli pepper value chain to maintain a functional level that will make it efficient and sustainable, input providers, producers, transporters, processors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers must work and coordinate effectively. Producers of chilli pepper are the most essential actors of the chain but face the most constraints and need preferential treatment though the entire actors involved in the chain must equally function well which among others include: input providers, transporters, processors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Value chain supporters service providers (research and extension, rural banks, regional etc), National, district, community administrations, regulatory bodies, legislations, infrastructure and Socio-cultural factors influencing business attitudes, trust and power relations all influence the efficiency and sustainability of the chain. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter is essentially a review of past works that have been done in the field of value chain with special emphasis on value chains in agribusiness. To this extent, both published and unpublished literatures will be reviewed. Gaps in some theories and concepts will be identified, amendments done and acknowledgement made. Value addition processes Value addition consists of activities that tend to improve products with the intension to increase returns for operators in the value chain. Cramer and Jensen (1994) consider value addition in commodity marketing to consist of those efforts that affect transfer of ownership and create time, place and form utility to commodities. Time utility is created through storage, to make commodity available over time. Place satisfaction is through transportation services, making the commodity available to those wanting it. Finally, form utility is added to a commodity through the processing function. Will (2006) on the other hand identified two possibilities for Value addition: (1) Value Capturing and (2) Value Creation. Value capture is described as the process of improving current production, processing and trading structures/processes. Value creation is however seen as the process of innovation in a new product. To create value, it is necessary to identify the promising market opportunities and assess production and marketing risk. What these fails to capture is to whether smallholder farmers can position themselves to be able to meet consumer demands and be able to at least have assured markets. Value addition as preached by development organizations stresses the need for its application at every stage of the production line. No efforts is been made to find-out the possibility of participation by low income and disadvantage farmers to actual stand-up to the task. Also, development organizations operationalizing value chain intervention models need to be questioned on the successes and the way-forward regarding their methods of intervention especially among smallholder farmers. This study is geared towards addressing these gabs, and will propose strategies for value chain intervention in agribusiness among smallholder farmers. Five value addition processes have identified for horticulture especially chilli pepper (Figure 1.0 below). Chilli pepper traders, through marketing activities create, time, space and forming utilities, by buying, and/or sorting before selling fresh to capture value or create value by drying before sales (Schipmann, 2006). Indeed, the transformation processes that take places in the chilli pepper value chain include grinding of fresh pepper into a hot pepper paste, or drying to obtain a dried chilli pepper which is also the intermediary product for powdered chilli pepper when milled. The powdered chilli pepper is also used for producing Shito, a local pepper source, when cooked with other ingredients. All the transformational activities of the chilli pepper crop were rudimentarily carried-out before the introduction of the value chain intervention and even in recent times. Output from functional process by smallholders may probably not meet EuroGAP and GlobalGAP requirements hence, lacks the competitiveness for both local and international markets. Mainstreaming smallholder farmers in value chains implies the preparedness to play a facilitating and linkage roles by development organizations through the provision and maintenances of equipments for the low income farmers. Even though, the transformational change is mainly carry-out by traders and processors in and outside the district, helping the farmers to add value through minimal processing (functional upgrading) has the possibility of increasing their profit margins. What level of processing should be prescribed for producers to make them competitive and increase their profit margins? The study will unearth the possible avenues for increasing in the profit margins of the chilli pepper farmers. Figure 1.0: Value Addition Processes in the chilli pepper Chain. PRODUCTION PROCESSING PRODUCT Fresh Chilli pepper None/Sorting Fresh Chilli Pepper Chilli pepper paste Grinding Dried Chilli Pepper Drying Powdered Chilli pepper Milling Shitto Cooking Adapted from Schipmann, 2006 Smallholders all over the world are faced with increasing imperative to integrate themselves into the market to generate cash income in other to improve their livelihoods. The development of the chilli pepper value chain in the Tolon-Kumbungu district of the Northern region of Ghana is therefore seen as a means to improve the crops potential for improving the livelihoods of the population who depend on it for their livelihoods. Improving agricultural productivity through the promotion of market oriented agricultural development program is seen as a catalyst for growth and development in rural communities. For, the integration of rural population into the national and international markets is seen as one of the best options for successful poverty reduction (Stamm, 2004; OXFAM, 2002). Indeed, the development and realization of the value chain development strategy is expected to contribute to achieving a better competitiveness in the local, regional and international markets. By so doing smallholders will be empowered to be capable of managing and maintaining connections with diversified and growing markets. This, it is hoped, will also translate into increased income for all operators along the commodity chain, the creation of employment and consequently the improvement of the livelihood in rural and urban areas (Will, 2006). Although, recent economic growth in Ghana has had limited impact in reducing high poverty rates, particularly in rural areas, the emergence of value chain as a tool for development intervention in the chilli pepper sector will present a new prospects for promoting agriculture and rural development in Ghana, and expanding opportunities for inclusion of resource poor farmers in a dynamic and high value markets. The growth in chilli pepper production however poses new challenges for public policy, particularly if policy markers are concerned about integrating smallholder farmers into the export markets. Literature is currently being reviewed on the following thematic areas and would be incorporated in the final thesis document. They include but not limited to; Standardization in agribusiness in developing countries, Horticulture marketing in developing countries, FBO development, and contract farming. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter is devoted to the study design, methods and tools of the research. 3.2 Study Design This study will be descriptive and cross sectional in the sense that, data will be systematically collected at a particular point in time, analysed and presented to give a clear picture about the state of the value chain intervention strategy in the Tolon-Kumbungu District. 3.3 Profile of the study area: 3.3.1 Location and size The Tolon-Kumbungu District is one of the 45 districts created by the erstwhile Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC) Law 2007 in 1988 with Tolon as the capital. It lies between latitude 9 ° 16 and 9 ° 34 North and latitudes 0 ° 36 and 0 ° 57 West. It shares common boundaries with Savelugu/Nanton District to the North, Tamale Metropolis to the East and Central Gonja District to the South (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assembly profile, 2001). The district covers an area of about 2, 741 square kilometers with a population of 132,338 (female, 66,269, male, 66,069) (PHC, 2000). The current (2006) population is estimated as 145, 876 with the growth rate of 3%. Population density is approximately around 50 inhabitants per Kilometer Square. The District lies between latitude 10-20 north and longitude 10-50 west, shares border with West Mamprusi District in the west and south and the east with Savelugu/Nanton District and the Tamale Municipal Assembly (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assemb ly, 2001). . The major vegetable crops grown in the area are chilli pepper, tomatoes, onion, okra and garden eggs. Chilli pepper actors are among the few people to have received support services from development agencies operating in the district and outside the district (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assembly, 2001). Source: Encyclopedia of the Earth 3.2.2 Topography and Drainage The District is located 180 meters above sea level and the topography is generally undulating with shallow valley that serves as stream courses and isolated hills. This District is among the few Districts in the Northern region on which the White Volta tress passes. Other major natural water systems in the metropolis include; Dalun, Bontanga, Golinga, Jaagbo dam and Tolon dams. However, many smaller dams are also dotted around (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assembly profile, 2001). 3.2.3 Climate and Vegetation There is a unimodal rainfall pattern with a mean annual rainfall of 1100mm in the District between April/May to September/October. As a result staple crop farming is highly restricted by the short rainfall duration. The mean dry temperature range from 33 ° C to 39 ° C with mean night temperature ranging from 0 ° C to 22 ° C. The mean annual day sunshine is approximately 7.5 hours. The District exhibits both short and tall grass interspersed with drought resistant trees such as shea trees Neem, Dawadawa and Mahogany. During the rainy seasons the Distrct becomes green and making the vegetation more luxuriant. In the dry seasons, however water becomes scarce as a result of poor vegetation cover. The grasses dry up and the accompanying bushfires destroy the soil nutrients and expose the soils to serious erosion (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assembly profile, 2001). 3.2.4 Soil The types of soil that can be found in District include sandstone, mudstone and shale. These soil types are inadequately protected resulting in serious erosion during rain seasons. 3.2.5 Food security and environment The main crops cultivated per households are cereals 99.8 percent, legumes 88.3 percent, tubers 80.6 percent, vegetables 35.7 percent and 15.3 percent cultivates fruits. The major crops currently grown in the District are maize, groundnuts, yam, cassava, sorghum, rice, cowpea, millet, pegion pea, and soya-beans. Others are chilli pepper, tomatoes, onion, okra, and garden eggs. Industrial crops grown are cotton, tobacco (grown as cash crop but also for local consumption), groundnuts, cashew, sheanuts, and soya-beans (Tolon-Kumbungu District Assembly profile, 2001).. The main problem facing crop production is the hazardous environment for crop farming reflected in perennial flooding of farmlands. Unfavorable weather conditions (drought), erratic rainfall, perennial bush fires and declining soil fertility. Some of these problems are however due to poor environmental management relating to inefficient farming practices and hunting for fuel wood. 3.2.6 Agriculture potential in the District Despite the challenges facing agriculture production, the District is endowed with numerous potentials which when exploited will help transform agriculture in the district. Among these potentials are; Land potential resources which is readily available, Irrigation facilities-Bontanga and Golinga for all year cropping, Research Institutions SARI, ARI and UDS, Availability of farm labour, Research Extension Farmer Linkage- to create effective technology transfer and adoption. Others include; commercial production of legumes (soya-bean) and vegetables (chilli pepper), commercial production of roots and tubers (yam and cassava), small and large ruminant production and Industrial cash crop production. 3.2.5 Ethnicity and Cultural Values Apart from Nyankpala community in the District which is ethnic diversity, almost all people in the villages are Dagombas. Towns in the district are; Tolon, Kumbungu, Nyankpala, Dalun, Wantugu, Tali, Kasulyili, Yoggu, Gbulahagu, Kpendua, Tibung, Lungbunga, Gbullung, Grimani, Chirifoyilli, Zangbalung, Voggu, Yepeligu, Tingoli and Gundaa. 3.2.6 Religion According to the 2000 Population and Housing Census, Islam is the predominant religion in the District with 65% of the population affiliated to it. 3.2.7 Land Tenure System Land tenure systems in the District include free hold/inheritance and negotiations/temporary use. 3.2.9 Occupation The economy of the Tolon-District Assembly is dominated by agriculture, commerce and trade and services. Until the 1995s over 90% of all indigenous people in the District were farmers (PHC, 2000). 3. 4 Research Approach Research methodology is an important component of any study and provides the framework upon which the whole process is dependent (Brown, 1996). It is recommended that the methodology is conducted thoroughly to efficiently produce accurate and precise data in order to achieve the research goals and objectives. I intend to give an-in-depth explanation of the research approach and process, methods of data collection, sampling procedure, size and methods, background of study area and scope, and data analysis. The choice in using a particular research approach would depend on a number of factors: the purpose of the research, its sub-research objectives, practicability and validity, available financial resources, time, the skill of the researcher in data analysis and interpretation and social organization among others. 3.5 Sampling Method Two main sampling techniques prominently used in various research studies will be adopted and applied for the study. These are probability and non-probability sampling (Twumasi, 2001). Probability sampling gives every item in the universe an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Under this method, the simple random sampling technique will be used to select respondents from the nine chilli pepper farmer groups in the study area. This is to make sure that each chilli pepper farmer within the nine farmer groups has an equal chance of being included. Non-probability sampling such as purposive sampling procedures will also be used (Bernard, 1998). According to Preston (2002), applying purposive sampling can yield insights and in-depth understanding rather than empirical generalizations In this sampling procedure, the researcher purposively choose the particular units of the universe to constitute the sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge one will be typical of the whole (Yin, 1993). The judgment of the researcher plays an important part in this sampling technique. The importance of adopting this design is the relative advantage of time and money inherent in the sampling. In light of the above, the snowball or chain sampling strategy will be used, because I will be dealing with chilli pepper farmers who are beneficiaries of the value chain development concept and belong to the nine chilli pepper farmer groups and are in a best position to respond to questions. Group members will serve as linkages by recommending persons who are members of the group to be interviewed. Accordingly, it is useful for the researcher to use more than one method in data collection. The methods are selected to complement each other and to allow for triangulation. Triangulation r